Isilinganiso semajini yenzuzo yemboni yamavavu

Okokuqala, indlela yokulinganisa umkhawulo wenzuzo yemboni ye-valve

(A) ifomula yenzuzo eyisisekelo

Ifomula eyisisekelo yokubala inzuzo: inzuzo = imali engenayo - izindleko. Embonini ye-valve:

Imali engenayo kakhulu ngokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yamavalvu. Inzuzo yokuthengiswa kwevalvu = inani leyunithi × umthamo wokuthengisa. Intengo yokuthengisa izobe isekelwe ohlotsheni lwevalvu (njengamavalvu esango, amavalvu embulunga, amavalvu ebhola, amavalvu ovemvane, njll.), impahla (ama-valve ensimbi ephonswe, ama-valve ensimbi ensimbi, ama-valve ensimbi engagqwali, njll.), ukusetshenziswa (ama-valve okulawula, ama-valve okuphepha, ama-valve alawulayo, njll.) kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwemakethe kanye nesidingo kanye nezimo zokuncintisana nezihlukile. Inani lokuthengisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lithonywa isidingo semakethe, okuhlanganisa ukufunwa kwezimboni ezihlukahlukene ezisezansi nomfula njenge-petroleum, amakhemikhali, amandla kagesi, ezokwakha, njll.1.

Izindleko zifaka izindleko eziqondile nezingaqondile. Izindleko eziqondile zihlanganisa, isibonelo, izindleko zempahla eluhlaza (isb. insimbi, irabha, ipulasitiki, ithusi, njll. yamavalvu okukhiqiza), izindleko zabasebenzi (amaholo ezisebenzi ohlelweni lokukhiqiza, njll.) kanye nokwehla kwenani lemishini (ukwehla kwemishini nemishini esetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-valve phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwawo), njll. Izindleko ezingaqondile zihlanganisa izindleko zokuthengisa (okuhlanganisa, ukukhushulwa embonini, imibukiso, imibukiso, njll.) izindleko zokuphatha (amaholo okuphatha nezinzuzo, ihhovisi, ukuqeqeshwa nokuthuthukiswa, njll.), kanye nezindleko zokuphatha (okuhlanganisa amaholo nezinzuzo zabasebenzi bokuphatha, ihhovisi, ukuqeqeshwa nokuthuthukiswa, njll.). , ihhovisi, ukuqeqeshwa nokuthuthukiswa, njll.) nezinye izindleko ezifana nokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-R&D13.

(ii) Ukubalwa kwe-Gross Profit Margin

Umkhawulo wenzuzo ephelele = (imali engenayo yokusebenza - izindleko zokusebenza) ÷ imali engenayo yokusebenza × 100%. Embonini yamavalvu, izindleko zokusebenza zifaka izinto ezingavuthiwe, abasebenzi, ukwehla kwenani lemishini nezinye izindleko ezishiwo ngenhla. Ngesilinganiso senzuzo yonke kungaba ukuqonda kokuqala kwebhizinisi ngemuva kokudonsa izindleko eziqondile zengxenye yenzuzo esele. Uma imajini yenzuzo iyonke ingaphezulu, ibhizinisi ngemuva kokudonsa izindleko eziqondile lisenenzuzo ethe xaxa yokumboza ezinye izindleko futhi lizuze inzuzo. Isibonelo, uma imali engenayo yokusebenza kwenkampani yama-valve engamayuan ayizigidi ezingu-10, izindleko zokusebenza amayuan ayizigidi ezingu-7, umkhawulo wayo wenzuzo iyonke = (1000 - 700) ÷ 1000 × 100% = 30% 1.

(C) ukubalwa kwesilinganiso senzuzo yonke

Isamba senzuzo yemalini = inzuzo yonke ÷ imali engenayo yokusebenza × 100%, lapho inzuzo yonke = inzuzo yonke - izindleko zentela engenayo. Inzuzo ephelele itholakala enzuzweni yokusebenza kanye nemali engenayo engasebenzi (njengezibonelelo zikahulumeni, imali engenayo yomnikelo kanye nenye imali engenayo engasebenzi kodwa ethuthukisa inzuzo) kukhishwe izindleko ezingezona ezokusebenza (njengenhlawulo, ukulahlekelwa yizinhlekelele nezinye izindleko ezingasebenzi nezehlisa inzuzo). Umkhawulo wenzuzo yonke ukhombisa inzuzo yokugcina yebhizinisi, kucatshangelwa zonke izindleko, imali engenayo nezintela nezinye izici ngemuva kwekhono lebhizinisi lokuzuza inzuzo yonke. Isibonelo, inzuzo ephelele yenkampani ye-valve yamayuan ayizigidi ezingu-2, izindleko zentela yengeniso engu-500,000 yuan, imali engenayo yokusebenza yamayuan ayizigidi ezingu-10, umkhawulo wayo wenzuzo yonke = (200 - 50) ÷ 1000 × 100% = 15% 1.

Okwesibili, izici ezithinta inzuzo yemboni ye-valve

(A) izinto ezibonakalayo

Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-valve idinga izinto ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa, njengensimbi (insimbi, ithusi, insimbi engagqwali, insimbi ye-alloy, njll.), okungeyona insimbi (irabha, ipulasitiki) njalonjalo. Ukushintshashintsha kwentengo yayo kunomthelela omkhulu enzuzweni yemboni yamavalvu.

Ukushintshashintsha kwentengo: lapho amanani entengo ensimbi ekhuphuka, izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa zabakhiqizi be-valve zikhuphuka. Isibonelo, uma intengo yensimbi ikhuphuke ngo-20%, emabhizinisini okukhiqiza ama-valve amakhulu ikakhulukazi asekelwe ensimbi njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, izindleko zayo zokukhiqiza zizokhula kakhulu. Uma inkampani ingakwazi ukudlulisa ukwenyuka kwezindleko enanini lemikhiqizo yayo (ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yokuthi ayikwazi ukukhuphula amanani ngokuthanda kwayo ngenxa yokuncintisana okuqinile emakethe), khona-ke ama-margins enzuzo azoncishiswa.

Ikhwalithi kanye Nokukhethwa: Izinga lempahla yokusetshenziswa liyahlukahluka, futhi kuvame ukubiza kakhulu ukuthi inkampani ithenge izinto zokusetshenziswa zekhwalithi ephezulu. Ukwehluleka ukukhetha okufanelekile esikhundleni sempahla eluhlaza noma ozakwethu be-supply chain nakho kunganyusa izindleko. Isibonelo: amanye ama-valve asezingeni eliphezulu adinga ukusebenzisa izinto ezikhethekile ze-alloy ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphezulu, uma ibhizinisi lingathembela kuphela kumhlinzeki oyedwa onentengo ephezulu ukuthi anikeze, khona-ke impendulo yezindleko izoba yinto engenzi lutho, okuzothinta inzuzo1.

(ii) izici zezindleko zabasebenzi

Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-valve idinga inani elikhulu lezinsiza zabantu, izinguquko ezindleko zabasebenzi zinomthelela obalulekile enzuzweni.

Ukukhuphuka kwamaholo: ngokuthuthuka kwezenhlalo nezomnotho, imakethe yezabasebenzi inyusa kancane kancane izinga lamaholo ayisisekelo. Isibonelo, ezindaweni zokugxilisa ama-valve e-China, nezinga lendawo lokuphila kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwabasebenzi kanye nesidingo siyashintsha kancane kancane, uma amabhizinisi akhiqiza ama-valve efinyelela ku-10% noma ngaphezulu kokukhuphuka kwamaholo onyaka kubasebenzi, okuwumthwalo omkhulu ezindlekweni zezindleko zabasebenzi bebhizinisi, futhi kunciphisa ngokuqondile umkhawulo wenzuzo.

Izenhlalakahle nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi: Namuhla, izinkampani zigxila kakhulu enhlalakahleni yabasebenzi kanye nemibono yokuqeqesha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza nokusebenza kahle kwabasebenzi. Kodwa-ke, le mibono eyengeziwe, njengokuthuthukiswa komshwalense wezohwebo wabasebenzi, ukuze benze izifundo ezihlosiwe zokuqeqeshwa kobuchwepheshe, njll., zikhuphule izindleko zokusebenza. Isibonelo, inkampani ye-valve itshale unyaka ekuqeqeshweni kwabasebenzi nasezicini zezenhlalakahle zezimali ezibalwe cishe u-15% wezindleko zabasebenzi, ezingabalwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yezindleko, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ibe nomthelela enzuzweni yengxenye ayizange inciphise izindleko zokusebenza izothinta inzuzo yesikhala 1.

(C) izici zokuncintisana kwezimakethe

Ukuncintisana kwamanani: imakethe yamavalvu inokuncintisana kakhulu, amabhizinisi ukuze aqhudelane ngesabelo semakethe, angathatha impi yentengo namanye amasu okuncintisana. Isibonelo, esifundeni semakethe yama-valve amanzi (ama-valve), kunezinkampani eziningi ze-valve ezincintisanayo, amanye amabhizinisi amancane ukuze athole inani elilinganiselwe lama-oda wephrojekthi yobunjiniyela, kuzonciphisa intengo yomkhiqizo. Uma ibhizinisi linciphisa izintengo, ezinye izinkampani zingaphoqeleka ukuthi zilandele inkambiso yokuthengisa okunenani eliphansi. Ukuze ukwehla kwentengo yomkhiqizo, uma ivolumu yokuthengisa ingakwazi ukukhuphuka kakhulu noma ingakwazi ukulawula izindleko ngempumelelo, izinga lenzuzo lilonke lomkhakha lizoncishiswa.

Ukuncintisana okungewona amanani: amabhizinisi azoba ngokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, athuthukise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, athuthukise insizakalo yangemva kokuthengisa kanye nokunye ukuncintisana okungewona amanani ukuze azuze inzuzo yokuncintisana, kodwa lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni, ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuphathwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi ngemva kokuthengisa. Inkampani yamavalvu uma utshala imali ngamandla ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe, nakuba kungenzeka ukwethula imikhiqizo emisha namavalvu ekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze uthathe isabelo semakethe esisha futhi uthuthukise inani elingeziwe lomkhiqizo, kodwa ukubuka kwesikhashana kokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-R & D kuzokhuphula izindleko zokunciphisa amamajini enzuzo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma impumelelo yokuwina imakethe kanye nenzuzo ikhuphuka izothuthukisa kancane kancane inzuzo yonke 1.

(D) izici zokusungula izinto zobuchwepheshe

Yehlisa izindleko: Ngokusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, izinkampani zamavalvu zingasebenzisa izinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza, izinto zokusebenza noma amasu okuphatha ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, ukwethulwa kwemishini yokukhiqiza ezenzakalelayo, kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi ukunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi; noma ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulawulwa kokukhiqizwa kwedijithali ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo yokukhiqiza, kuncishiswe ukumoshwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, kunciphise izindleko zezinto ezingavuthiwe. Ukonga izindleko kuleli cala kungahunyushwa ngokuqondile emaphethelweni enzuzo eyengeziwe.

Ukwenyuka kwenani elingeziwe: Ukuqamba okusha kwenza izinkampani zithuthukise imikhiqizo emisha noma zithuthukise ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo ekhona. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kohlobo olusha lwe-valve enezimpawu zokuvalwa okuphezulu, ukuqina kanye nezici ezinembile zokulawula ukugeleza, ama-valve anjalo angathengiswa ngentengo ephezulu emakethe ngenxa yokusebenza okuphezulu, okwandisa inani elengeziwe lomkhiqizo futhi ngaleyo ndlela andise umkhawulo wenzuzo. Ukwengeza, ukusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kungase futhi kulethe imigoqo yobuchwepheshe kanye nenzuzo yempahla yengqondo yamabhizinisi, njengokufaka isicelo samalungelo obunikazi afanelekile kungakhuphula izimpahla ezingaphatheki, kodwa futhi nangokunikezwa kwelayisensi yobuchwepheshe nezinye izindlela zokuthola imali eyengeziwe, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe inzuzo1.

(E) izici zokufunwa kwemakethe

Izinguquko zesidingo: izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-valve ezansi nomfula, isidingo se-valve sithintwa izici ezihlukahlukene. Izinga lokuthuthukiswa komnotho omkhulu lithinta ngqo isidingo samavalvu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokukhula okungcono komnotho, uphethiloli, amakhemikhali, ukwakhiwa kanye nezinye izimboni, ukukhula kokutshalwa kwezimali, ukwanda kwesidingo samavalvu, njengamaphrojekthi amasha emboni ye-petrochemical kuzoholela enanini elikhulu lamavalvu okuphepha, ama-valve okulawula ukugeleza nezinye izidingo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi sokuwohloka komnotho, njengalapho intengo kawoyela emhlabeni wonke yehla ezimayini zikawoyela kanye nokucwenga ukwehla kokutshalwa kwezimali, isidingo samavalvu sizokwehla, okuzophumela ekwehleni kokuthengiswa kwamabhizinisi kuphazamise inzuzo.

Ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo sesidingo: ngokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yama-valve kanye nokusetshenziswa kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe embonini, ukwakheka kwesidingo nakho kuyashintsha. Isibonelo, esimweni sokuqwashisa okwengeziwe mayelana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuthuthwa kwendle, izikhungo zokuhlanza imfucuza kanye namanye amaphrojekthi okuvikela imvelo ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamavalvu okuvikela imvelo (njengama-valve angagqwali, asebenza kahle kakhulu, njll.) azokwandisa isidingo. Uma izinkampani zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokulungiswa kwesakhiwo sokufunwa, ukwakheka komkhiqizo kanye namasu emakethe ahlulekile ukushintsha ngokufanele, azolahlekelwa isabelo semakethe namathuba enzuzo.

Okwesithathu, icala lokuhlaziya izindleko zemboni ye-valve

(i) Izindleko zezinto ezingavuthiwe

Izinto zensimbi nezensimbi: Ake sithi kunebhizinisi elikhulu elikhiqiza ama-valve, elikhiqiza ikakhulukazi amavalvu amakhulu azosetshenziswa ezimbonini. Ibhizinisi likhiqiza uhlobo oluthile lwe-valve yesango, ingxenye eyinhloko ye-valve yensimbi yensimbi eluhlaza izindleko zilinganiselwa ku-30% - 40% wezindleko eziphelele. Izintengo zensimbi ziye zaguquguquka kaningi eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukwehla nokwenyuka kwesinye isikhathi kungafinyelela ku-15% - 20%. Uma kwenzeka isikhathi sokukhuphuka kwamanani ensimbi, njengezintengo zensimbi eziphakeme kakhulu phakathi kuka-2017 - 2018, inkampani yachitha cishe u-20% ngaphezu kokujwayelekile ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zensimbi zalolu hlobo lwe-valve yesango. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yesikhathi esithile kusukela ekuthengeni kuya ekukhiqizweni, intengo ye-oda elisayinwe yinkontileka ayikwazanga ukulungiswa ngaso leso sikhathi, futhi ibhizinisi likwazi ukumunca le ngxenye yezindleko ngokwalo, lishwabadele umkhawulo wenzuzo ehambisanayo, okuholele ekwehleni kwenzuzo kusukela kweyokuqala cishe ngo-18% kuya cishe ku-12% - 13%.

Izinto zokuvala (irabha, ipulasitiki): Kumavalvu amancane anembayo, ikhwalithi yezimpawu ibalulekile. Lapho ibhizinisi likhiqiza ama-valve amabhola amancane, izindleko zezinto zokuvala zingase zibe ngamaphesenti ayi-10 - 15 yenani eliphelele. Kulokhu, irabha yekhwalithi ephezulu isetshenziswa kaningi njengempahla yokuvala. Njengoba intengo yenjoloba ithintwa kakhulu ukuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo emakethe yenjoloba yamazwe ngamazwe, eminyakeni ethile ukushoda kwenjoloba kuye kwaholela ekwenyukeni kwentengo ngamaphesenti angama-50. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwezindleko zokukhiqiza ama-valve amabhola amancane. Nakuba izinkampani zizama ukuthola ezinye izindlela, ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlolwa kwezinye izindlela ezintsha kunesikhathi eside sokuhola futhi kungase kuhilele izindleko ezengeziwe ezifana nokushintshwa kwesikhunta. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi esifushane, ukukhuphuka kwezindleko zokukhiqiza kucindezele ngokuqondile amaphethelo enzuzo yemikhiqizo yama-valve, amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo inzuzo yomugqa womkhiqizo we-valve kusuka ku-15% yasekuqaleni noma yawela ku-5% - 8% 13.

(ii) Izindleko zomsebenzi

Abasebenzi abasha kanye nezindleko zokuqeqesha: ezinkampanini zama-valve ezinosayizi ophakathi, ukuqashwa okusha kwenani labasebenzi abangenalo ulwazi lomsebenzi ukwandisa isikali sokukhiqiza. Uma abasebenzi abasha sebengenile, isikhathi esiningi kanye nezinsiza kufanele kutshalwe ekuqeqeshweni kobuchwepheshe ukuze bakwazi ukwazi kahle inqubo yokukhiqiza ama-valve kanye nezidingo zenqubo. Isibonelo, uma inkampani ilindele u-20% wezinga lokukhula kwabasebenzi, izohlela ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono akhethekile kubasebenzi abasha, okuhlanganisa izinkulumo zonjiniyela abakhulu bangaphakathi kanye neziyalezo ezisebenzayo. Isamba sezindleko zokuqeqesha (okuhlanganisa izinto zokwakha, amathuluzi, abaqeqeshi, njll.) sasakazekela enhlokweni yabasebenzi abasha, ngamunye mayelana ne-800 - 1000 yuan. Uma inani lezindleko zabasebenzi baleli bhizinisi lingama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-5 ngonyaka, lokhu kwanda kwabasebenzi abasha ukuletha ukuqeqeshwa kanye nabasebenzi abasha ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhiqiza okuphansi nokunye, ukuze izindleko zabasebenzi zikhuphuke ngokuqondile ngama-yuan angu-20 - 300,000, ukuze amamajini enzuzo yomkhiqizo anciphe, uma ungakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha ukusebenza kahle kwabasebenzi abasha bangakwazi ukukhulisa abasebenzi abasha noma ukukhulisa amandla okusebenza. izindleko zizothinta inzuzo yonke.

Iholo Labasebenzi Nezinzuzo: Ngokuncintisana okwandisiwe emakethe yezabasebenzi yendawo, inkampani yamavalvu yanquma ukukhuphula iholo kanye nephakethe lezinzuzo ukuze kugcinwe abasebenzi abanamakhono. Ngokukhuphula isilinganiso somholo wabasebenzi ngo-15% kanye nephakethe lezinzuzo (isb., umshwalense, ilivu ekhokhelwayo, njll.) ngo-20%, izindleko zabasebenzi zikhuphuke zafinyelela ku-30% - 32% wesamba sezindleko zisuka cishe ku-25% esikhathini esidlule, okuholela ngokuqondile ekwehleni kwenzuzo yenkampani. Esimeni sokukhula okunzima konyaka nonyaka emalini engenayo, izilinganiso zenzuzo zangempela zithathwa yizindleko zabasebenzi ingxenye enkulu yemali yenzuzo yensalela ekuqaleni eyayicishe ibe ngu-10% ingase yehlele ku-7% - 8% noma ngaphezulu.

(iii) Izindleko zokuthengisa

Izindleko zemisebenzi yokuthengisa: zisathatha lezi zinkampani zama-valve ezinobukhulu obuphakathi, isibonelo, ukuze kwandiswe isabelo semakethe, inkampani yanquma ukubamba iqhaza emibukisweni emikhulu yemboni futhi ihlele imisebenzi eminingi yokukhangisa. Embukisweni wemboni, ibhizinisi litshale imali ekhokhwayo yedokodo, izindleko zombukiso, izindleko zokuhamba zabasebenzi ezibalelwa ezigidini eziyi-15 - 20. Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yokuphromotha (isb, ukunikeza izaphulelo kubathengisi, ukuthenga imikhiqizo enezinsiza zamahhala, njll.), kulinganiselwa ukuthi le ngxenye yezindleko zokuphromotha ifinyelele ku-50,000 - 100,000 yuan. Lezi zindleko zomkhankaso wokumaketha bekulindeleke ukuthi zishintshwe ukuze kunyuke ama-oda, kodwa empeleni ukunyuka kwama-oda akuzange kufinyelele inani elilindelekile. Uma inani elilindelekile lenzuzo yokubuka, imisebenzi yokumaketha idliwe le yuan eyizigidi ezingu-20 - 30, ingaba yingxenye yenzuzo, kodwa manje idla ingxenye yenzuzo, ukuze umkhawulo wenzuzo wangempela womkhiqizo uncishiswe cishe ngo-5 - 8% noma ngaphezulu.

Izindleko zokuthutha: Imikhiqizo yevalvu ngenxa yesisindo futhi kwezinye izimo umthamo ubuye izindleko zokuthutha ezinkulu ziphezulu. Uma sicabanga ukuthi imikhiqizo yebhizinisi ethuthwa iyiswa ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-500 - 1000 ukusuka ezindaweni zamakhasimende amakhulu kusetshenziswa ezokuthutha ezithwala impahla zomgwaqo, amanani okuthutha ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwentengo kawoyela, izindleko zokusebenza kwezimoto zenyuka ngo-10% - 15% unyaka nonyaka. Inani lezindleko zokuthutha ezindlekweni zokuthengisa likhuphuka lisuka kumaphesenti angu-5 - 8 liya kumaphesenti angu-7 - 10. Endabeni yentengo ye-oda akulula ukulungisa (ngokunikezwa kwabancintisana nabo, ukuthenga ikhasimende izithiyo zesabelomali, njll.), le ngxenye yokwenyuka kwezindleko zokuthutha ukucindezela inzuzo yomkhiqizo, ikakhulukazi ukucindezelwa kwenzuzo yebanga elide kubonakala kakhulu.

Okwesine, ubukhulu bemakethe yemboni yama-valve kanye nobudlelwano benzuzo

(A) ukukhula kosayizi wemakethe namathuba okwenza inzuzo

Umthelela omuhle: lapho imboni ye-valve ikhula ngosayizi wemakethe, izinkampani zibhekana namathuba ebhizinisi amaningi. Uma ukunwetshwa kosayizi wemakethe kuqhutshwa isidingo sezindawo ezithile ezisafufusa (ezifana nesistimu yokupholisa yesikhungo sedatha enkulu esidingweni samavalvu wokuqukethwe kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, noma imboni yamakhemikhali asafufusa ngesidingo samavalvu ukumelana nezimo ezikhethekile), ibhizinisi liyakwazi ukubamba isabelo semakethe esafufusayo, lapho-ke, lingakwazi ukuthola inzuzo ephezulu. Isibonelo, izinga lokukhula kwemakethe ngamaphesenti angu-15, futhi uma ibhizinisi elisemakethe ekhulayo lihlanganyela ku-20% - 30% yesabelo sokukhula, ngenxa yokuthi izimakethe ezikhulayo zingase zibe yimikhiqizo ephezulu ye-value-added, khona-ke izinga lokukhula kwenzuzo yebhizinisi lingase libe ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-15 noma ngisho nangaphezulu kwamaphesenti angu-20. Ukwengeza, usayizi wemakethe ukhuphula ukusebenza kahle okuphelele kwesikali, isibonelo, ngokunyusa umthamo wokukhiqiza, izinkampani zingakwazi ukunciphisa izindleko ezinqunyiwe ngeyunithi ngayinye yomkhiqizo (isb., izindleko eziphansi zokwehla kweyunithi ngayinye yomkhiqizo, njll.), ngaleyo ndlela zandise amamajini enzuzo.

Izici eziyinkimbinkimbi: Nokho, ukukhula kwemakethe akuholeli ngokuqondile ekukhuleni kwenzuzo. Amamajini enzuzo angase acekeleke phansi uma ukukhula kwemakethe kudala abadlali abaqhudelana kakhulu noma kuholela ekwenyukeni kwamanani ngenxa yokuqiniswa kwemithombo yempahla eluhlaza. Isibonelo, uma imakethe ikhula ngamaphesenti angu-10 ngokwengezwa kwabancintisana nabo abasha abangu-5 - 10, ukwanda kokuhlinzekwa kungase kudale ingcindezi ephansi emananini uma kuhambisana nokukhuphuka ngamaphesenti angu-5 - 8 entengo yezinto ezingavuthiwe ezidingekayo ukuze kwandiswe umthamo. Kulokhu, ukuncishiswa kwentengo yomkhiqizo webhizinisi kanye nezindleko zempahla eluhlaza ngesikhathi esifanayo, inzuzo yebhizinisi ingase ingakhuli ngokukhula kosayizi wemakethe, futhi ingase ibonakale yehla.

(ii) Ukugcwala Kwezimakethe kanye Nokuqinisa Inzuzo

Ukuncintisana okweqile kanye nokulahlwa kwenani eliphansi: emakethe egcwele, izinkampani zamavalvu zivame ukubhekana nokuncintisana okukhulu. Ukugcwala kwemakethe ngemva kwenani elilinganiselwe lama-oda, inani lamabhizinisi okulwela inani elilinganiselwe lama-oda ukuze aqhudelane. Ezinye izinkampani zingasebenzisa amasu okulahla anenani eliphansi ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kokukhiqiza nokuqashwa kwabasebenzi ngethemba lokusinda esikhathini eside. Isibonelo, endaweni ethile yokugcwala kwemakethe yamavalvu ezakhiwo, enye imboni yasendaweni yamavalvu amancane ingase yehliselwe enanini lezindleko ezibikiwe, ukuze intengo yokwehla kwengcindezi eholele kwezinye izinkampani nazo kudingeke ukuthi zehlise amanani ukuze ziphile, okuholela emalini yenzuzo yemboni yehle kakhulu.

Ubunzima bokuthola kabusha izindleko: imakethe egcwele kancane, okokusebenza kanye nokunye ukubuyiselwa kwezindleko ezingaguquki nakho kuzoba nzima. Ekukhiqizeni ama-valve ezimbonini ezisezingeni eliphezulu, isibonelo, uma ukugcwala kwemakethe kwenza umyalelo wokunciphisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini yokukhiqiza kukhulu, kodwa izinga lokusebenzisa alanele, iyunithi yomkhiqizo ethwalwa ukwehla kwemishini, ukugcinwa kanye nezinye izindleko ezimisiwe zokwabiwa kuzoba phezulu kakhulu. Ezindlekweni kunzima ukwehlisa futhi izintengo zokuthengisa zicindezelwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephindwe kabili, amabhizinisi abhekene nezinkinga ezinkulu zenzuzo, njengokuthi ekuqaleni akwazi ukuzuza u-18% - 20% wemali yenzuzo yenkampani ingase igcine ekulawuleni kwe-5% - 8% noma kunjalo.

(iii) Umthelela womehluko wengxenye yemakethe enzuzweni

Imakethe yama-valve asezingeni eliphezulu: Embonini yama-valve iyonke, usayizi wemakethe yama-valve asezingeni eliphezulu mancane kakhulu kodwa amamajini enzuzo engeziwe anenani eliphezulu. Imakethe ikakhulukazi ngeye-petroleum, amakhemikhali, amandla enuzi nokunye ukuphepha, ikhwalithi, ukunemba kanye nezinye izidingo eziphakeme zemboni ephezulu. Ngenxa yesidingo esikhulu sokusebenza nokuthembeka komkhiqizo, umkhawulo wokungena wale makethe nawo uphakeme (njengamazinga obuchwepheshe, ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, njll.), ukuncintisana kuncane kakhulu. Amabhizinisi akhiqiza ama-valve asezingeni eliphezulu angathola imikhiqizo ephezulu ye-value-added, uma isidingo semakethe sizinzile noma sikhuphuka kancane, isamba semali yomkhiqizo singafinyelela ku-35% - 50% noma ngisho nangaphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nenani eliphansi elengezwe eminye imikhiqizo yamavalvu enhloso ejwayelekile.

Imakethe yama-valve asezingeni eliphansi: usayizi wemakethe wama-valve asezingeni eliphansi uvamise ukuba mkhulu, kodwa umncintiswano unolaka futhi ubucayi be-homogeneity yomkhiqizo. Imakethe ikakhulukazi ngeyokwakhiwa kwamanzi okwakhiwa kanye nokukhipha amanzi, izinsiza zezimboni ezincane ezijwayelekile nezinye izigcawu. Izinkampani eziningi kule makethe azinawo amandla okusungula izinto ezintsha futhi ikakhulukazi zigxile emqhudelwaneni wamanani. Ngakho-ke, nakuba isamba sosayizi wemakethe sikhulu, kodwa umkhawulo wenzuzo yebhizinisi ngalinye unomkhawulo. Ukuze kubize inzuzo yokuncintisana, izinkampani ezivame ukuthenga izinto ezingavuthiwe, abasebenzi kanye nezinye izindleko zihlala zicindezelwe. Isibonelo, i-gross profit margin ingaba ku-10% - 15% noma ngaphezulu futhi ukushintshashintsha kwezimakethe (okufana nemakethe yezokwakha ngomnotho omkhulu kanye nezinqubomgomo zokutshalwa kwezimali zikahulumeni kunomthelela omkhulu) kuzoveza ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kwenzuzo yebhizinisi.

Eyesihlanu, imodeli yokubikezela inzuzo yemboni ye-valve

(A) imodeli yokuhlehla yomugqa esekelwe kudatha yomlando

Isimiso sokwakha imodeli: okokuqala qoqa ibhizinisi le-valve noma imboni yonke iminyaka eminingi yedatha yomlando, okuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini ngemali engenayo yokusebenza, izindleko (izindleko zempahla eluhlaza, izindleko zabasebenzi, izindleko zezimpahla ezithengiswayo, njll.), usayizi wemakethe (ivolumu yokuthengisa), intengo kanye neminye idatha. Cabanga ukuthi sikholelwa ukuthi inzuzo (Y) kanye nemali engenayo yokusebenza (X1), izindleko zempahla eluhlaza (X2) nosayizi wemakethe (X3) nezinye izici ezinkulu zinobudlelwano bomugqa. Khona-ke imodeli yokubikezela inzuzo ingamane yakhiwe ngokuthi Y = a + b1 * X1+ b2 * X2+ b3 * X3+ ......+ ε (lapho u-a kuyitemu elingaguquki, u-b1, b2, b3 ama-coefficients ahambisana nokuguquguqukayo kwawo, futhi u-ε igama lephutha elingahleliwe). Isibonelo, eminyakeni edlule yokuhlaziywa kwedatha ithole ukuthi inzuzo yebhizinisi le-valve kanye nemali engenayo yokusebenza ye-b1 coefficient engaba ngu-0.2, nezindleko zezinto ezingavuthiwe ze-b2 coefficient - 0.15, kanye nosayizi wemakethe (ukuthengisa okuvezwe ngokwenani lemikhiqizo) i-b3 coefficient engu-0.05. Uma sibikezela ukuthi ngonyaka olandelayo, imali engenayo yokusebenza kwebhizinisi yamayuan ayizigidi ezingu-12, izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa zonyaka ozayo zingamayuan ayizigidi ezingu-4.5, kanye nobukhulu bemakethe obungamayunithi ayizigidi ezingu-8, khona-ke singabikezela inzuzo ngokusekelwe kulo modeli. Kodwa-ke, lesi yisibonelo esilula kuphela futhi okuguquguqukayo okwengeziwe kungase kudingeke kufakwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba.

Izidingo Zokucubungula Idatha: Ukunemba nokuphelela kwedatha kubalulekile. Lapho uqoqa idatha, udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthombo wedatha uthembekile futhi uhlanganisa isikhathi eside esanele ukuze ubonise izici zomjikelezo nezitayela zomkhakha wamavalvu. Futhi kwabangaphandle (njengonyaka ngenxa yezizathu ezikhethekile imakethe yavela ngokuphazima kweso amanani entengo aphezulu noma aphansi kakhulu athengiswayo) adinga ukukhonjwa futhi acutshungulwe (njengokusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso esilinganiselwe noma ukufinyezwa kwamaphoyinti edatha athile angatholakali, njll.), ngaphandle kwalokho abangaphandle bangase bathinte kabi ukunemba kwemodeli.

(ii) Imodeli yokuqagela ehlanganisiwe esekelwe esidingweni semakethe nokuncintisana

Okucatshangwayo: Le modeli igxile ekucatshangweni kwesidingo semakethe, iphethini yokuncintisana yemakethe kumthelela wenzuzo yebhizinisi. Okokuqala, ngesidingo semakethe, hlaziya umthelela wezinto ezahlukahlukene ekushintsheni kwesidingo se-valve kumshini (njengokukhula komnotho omkhulu ukuze kuqhubekisele phambili ukukhula kwesidingo sokwakhiwa kwezimboni kwamavalvu; izikhungo zokuvikela imvelo zebhizinisi ezithuthukisiwe ukuze kuqhutshekwe nesidingo samavalvu okusebenza akhethekile), ukusungulwa kwe-equation yokubikezela kwesidingo semakethe (kungaba umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi wezinto eziningi). Isibonelo, emakethe yesifunda, uma ukutshalwa kwezimali kwemboni yamakhemikhali (G) kanye nezinga lokukhula kwemboni yezokwakha (C) esidingweni samavalvu kunomthelela obalulekile, isibalo sesidingo singavezwa njengokuthi: D = f (G, C). Okwesibili, kucatshangelwa ukwakheka kokuncintisana kwemakethe, ukulinganisa umthelela wokungena noma ukuphuma kwezimbangi, ukuziphatha kokuncintisana kwamanani esiqhudelana naye, njll. kwisabelo semakethe (S) kanye nenani (P) lebhizinisi, imodeli yegeyimu eyinkimbinkimbi ingase isungulwe. Inzuzo ingabikezelwa kusetshenziswa ifomula: Inzuzo = P * S * D - Izindleko (lapho Izindleko zimelela izindleko ezihlukahlukene, isb ngokusekelwe kusakhiwo sezindleko esihlaziywe ngenhla).

Ukulungiswa okunamandla kwemodeli: Imodeli idinga ukulungiswa ngendlela eguqukayo ukuze ivumelane nemvelo yemakethe. Ngenxa yokuthi izici ezihlobene nesidingo semakethe (isb., izinqubomgomo ezintsha zomnotho omkhulu, izinguquko ezintsha zobuchwepheshe embonini, njll.) kanye nesimo sokuncintisana (isb., ukungena kwabaqhudelana nabo abasha, izinguquko kumasu eziqhudelana ezisunguliwe, njll.) zisesimweni esishintshashintshayo, kubalulekile ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile (isb., ngonyaka noma ngekota) uphinde uhlele kabusha imodeli ukuze uhlele kabusha imodeli ukuze uhlele kabusha imodeli. izibikezelo zenzuzo ezinembile.

(iii) Imodeli yokubikezela esekelwe ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kwangaphakathi kwebhizinisi

Ukuwohloka Kwezinkomba Zokusebenza Kahle Kwangaphakathi: Le modeli igxile emthelela wokukhiqiza nokusebenza kahle ekuthuthukisweni kokubikezela inzuzo, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwebhizinisi. Ukuwohloka kwezinkomba ezisebenza kahle zangaphakathi ezifana nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza i-PE (inani lemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa iyunithi yesikhathi), izinga lokufaneleka kwekhwalithi i-QE (imikhiqizo efanelekayo ibalwa ngengxenye yenani lenani lemikhiqizo), ukulawula izindleko ukusebenza kahle kwe-CE (izinga lokunciphisa izindleko ngokuphathwa kwezindleko) njalonjalo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kunobudlelwano obuthile bezibalo phakathi kwalawa mamethrikhi kanye nenzuzo. Isibonelo, ubudlelwano bokuqagela obulula: Inzuzo =k1* PE + k2* QE - k3 / CE (lapha i-k1, k2, k3 ama-coefficient constants ahambisanayo atholakalayo, atholakala ngokuhlehliswa kwedatha yomlando noma ukuhlaziya okuhlangenwe nakho). Uma ibhizinisi lithuthukisa ukukhiqiza ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe (isb. okokusebenza okuzenzakalelayo kukhuphula umkhiqizo ngo-20%), izinga lokuphasa lekhwalithi liyakhuphuka (kusuka ku-90% ukuya ku-95%), nokulawulwa kwezindleko kuyathuthukiswa (isb. izindleko zehla ngo-10%), ukuthuthukiswa kwenzuzo okulinganiselwe kungabikezelwa ngokusekelwe kulo modeli.

Izinto ezithinta amandla okuba ngcono: Ukubala amandla okwenza ngcono ngaphakathi kwenkampani kuvinjelwa izinto eziningi. Ukuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe kuyisihluthulelo. Uma ithimba le-R&D liqinile futhi lihlala lisungula izinqubo nobuchwepheshe, amandla okuthuthukiswa kwangaphakathi aphezulu. Izinga namazinga okuphatha abasebenzi nawo anomthelela omkhulu. Abasebenzi abazinikele nabanekhono eliphezulu banamathuba amaningi okuthi bathole izinzuzo ezisebenza kahle ngaphansi kokuphatha okusebenzayo. Isibonelo, uma inkampani yethula ifilosofi yokuphatha engenasisekelo yentuthuko eqhubekayo nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi kwanele, khona-ke ukukhiqiza nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi kuzofezeka kakhudlwana futhi kube nomthelela omuhle kakhulu enzuzweni, okusekelwe lapho imodeli yokubikezela ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ukuqagela kwenzuzo okungcono kumongo wesu noshintsho lwenkampani.