Inqubomgomo yokuthekelisa i-valve yamazwe amakhulu

Izinqubomgomo ezihlobene nokuthekelisa kwe-valve yase-US

I-United States njengomunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu nabathumeli kwamanye amazwe ama-valve, kunezinqubomgomo eziningi ezithinta isimo sokuthekelisa semboni yama-valve.

Okokuqala, izinqubomgomo ezihlobene nezindinganiso

E-United States, imboni ye-valve ihilela inani lamazinga. Amavalvu amaningi ezimbonini adinga ukuthobela izindinganiso ze-American Petroleum Institute (API), njengamavalvu emboni ye-petroleum ukuze athole uphawu lwe-API ukuze kuvuleke kangcono ukuthengisa. Lena imvelo yokufinyelela emakethe yezinga, okwenza izinkampani zamavalvu zikhiqize imikhiqizo ehambisana nezindinganiso zayo, noma emakethe yase-US futhi zithembele ohlelweni olujwayelekile lwase-US lwezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe zizobhekana nobunzima bokuthengisa. Njengemboni ethile esekela i-petrochemical nezinye izimo zezimboni ezihlobene ngaphansi kwamabhizinisi okuthekelisa ama-valve, uma uhlose ukuthumela imakethe yase-US, kufanele kuqinisekiswe izindinganiso ezifanele, ngaphandle kwalokho kunzima ukuthola ukuqashelwa komkhiqizo.

Okwesibili, umthelela wenqubomgomo yezohwebo

Umthelela wokungqubuzana kwezohwebo: Ukungqubuzana kwezohwebo kwe-US namanye amazwe nakho kuzoba nomthelela ongaqondile ekuthumeleni ama-valve ngaphandle. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana kwezohwebo phakathi kwe-United States ne-China, i-United States ukunyusa amanani nezinye izindlela, okungagcini nje ngokuthinta ukuthunyelwa okuqondile kwe-China kwama-valve e-United States, kodwa futhi kwenza izimboni ezihlobene nama-valve ase-US-China zibe nomthelela ekuxhumaneni kochungechunge lwezimboni ezikhuphuka nomfula nezingezansi. Ezinye izinkampani zamavalvu aseShayina ekuqaleni bezihlinzekela imboni yama-valve yase-US izinto zokwakha ezikhuphuka nomfula noma izingxenye, noma zithembele emakethe yase-US eziteshini zokuthengisa ezansi nomfula, zizobhekana nokuntengantenga noma ukuncintisana kwamanani nezinye izinkinga, okuzokwenza abathintekayo balungise amasu abo emakethe, njengokubheka ezinye izindlela ezintsha zokuthekelisa noma ukwakha kabusha ubudlelwano bochungechunge lwemboni.

Izivumelwano zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe amathuba okuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe: i-United States ibandakanyeka ezivumelwaneni eziningi zokuhwebelana namazwe ngamazwe, njenge-North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) ineqhaza ekuthumeleni ama-valve ngaphandle, nakuba i-NAFTA manje isibuyekezwa ku-US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Uma ibhizinisi lama-valve litholakala e-United States, eMexico, eCanada, noma yiliphi elinye kwamazwe amathathu esivumelwaneni esihlobene nemibandela yohwebo, ungakwazi ukujabulela okufana nokwehliswa kwentela nezinye izimo, ezisiza ekwandiseni ububanzi besivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu okuthunyelwa kwe-valve kwamanye amazwe. Isibonelo, ezinye izinkampani ze-valve zaseCanada eCanada ukuhlangabezana nemithetho efanele yemvelaphi nezinye izimo, zingathunyelwa e-United States noma eMexico ngezindleko eziphansi zezindleko, ngokwezinga elithile, ukukhuthaza ukuhweba kwesifunda embonini ye-valve.

Okwesithathu, ukwesekwa okuhlobene nemboni

I-United States emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ama-valve asezingeni eliphezulu iyaqhubeka nokutshala izinsiza eziningi zocwaningo nentuthuko kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha, le nqubomgomo isuka ohlangothini ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana kwamavalvu ezwe emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe. Isibonelo, izikhungo zikahulumeni zocwaningo kanye nezinkampani zamavalvu ukuze zixhase futhi zisekele amaphrojekthi wokubambisana, futhi zinamathisele ukubaluleka kokuqanjwa kabusha kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ekuqeqesheni abasebenzi embonini yamavalvu. Idatha efanelekile ikhombisa ukuthi imboni yama-valve e-United States enenani elincane lamabhizinisi (izibalo zika-2019 ezifanele zenani lamabhizinisi angaphezu kosayizi othile uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lwayo olukhulu lwezimboni olubalwe ngamaphesenti amancane), kodwa ithatha ingxenye yemakethe yomhlaba wonke yama-valve asezingeni eliphezulu.

Izinqubomgomo ezihlobene nokuthekelisa kwe-valve yase-Japan

I-Japan ingelinye lamazwe ahamba phambili kwezobuchwepheshe be-valve, futhi izinqubomgomo zayo zibonakala kanje:

Okokuqala, amazinga ezimboni kanye nohlelo lwesitifiketi sekhwalithi

Ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kwamavalvu e-Japan ukuze kulandelwe izindinganiso eziqinile zezimboni, ezifana ne-Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), emakethe yasekhaya yase-Japan kanye namabhizinisi ase-Japanese aholwa amaphrojekthi athile emakethe yaphesheya kwezilwandle ngezidingo zekhwalithi zamavalvu asekelwe kuzinga le-JIS lokulawula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwezinye izidingo eziphezulu, ezisezingeni eliphezulu zokuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo ye-valve kwamanye amazwe, iJapane inokuhlolwa kwayo kwekhwalithi ephelele kanye nesistimu yesitifiketi sekhwalithi, kuphela ngesitifiketi esifanele semikhiqizo ye-valve evunyelwe ukuthekelisa ukuhweba, lo mkhuba ngezinga elikhulu ukugcina ubuchwepheshe bezinga eliphezulu lwe-valve yaseJapane obuholela kumfanekiso wamazwe ngamazwe.

Okwesibili, ukwesekwa kocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe

Ukuze kugcinwe unqenqema oluhamba phambili lobuchwepheshe be-valve, uhulumeni waseJapan kumaphrojekthi ocwaningo lwesayensi, ukwethulwa kwethalente nezinye izici zokusekelwa kwebhizinisi. Isibonelo, kwezinye zezinto ezintsha ze-valve, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, izinkampani eziningi zingathola uxhaso lukahulumeni lwephrojekthi yocwaningo lwesayensi, futhi zibambe iqhaza elibonakalayo ekubambisaneni kocwaningo lwemboni-yenyuvesi. Izinkampani zama-valve zaseJapane ezisezindaweni ezinenzuzo ezifana nokunemba kwama-valve amancane, emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe zingancika ebuchwephesheni obuhamba phambili kanye nekhwalithi enhle ukuze uwine ama-oda amaningi, ahlobene eduze notshalomali lwamandla ocwaningo lwesayensi jikelele kanye nesiqondiso senqubomgomo.

Okwesithathu, ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo sezimboni zasekhaya kumthelela wokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe

Isakhiwo sezimboni zasekhaya saseJapan siphishekele inqubomgomo yokuthuthukisa okuqhubekayo, okwaholela embonini yamavalvu emikhiqizweni edinga abasebenzi abaningi neyokwengezwa kwenani eliphansi kancane kancane idluliselwe kwamanye amazwe nezifunda, kuyilapho ukugxila kwasekhaya ekuthuthukiseni ama-valve asezingeni eliphezulu. Isibonelo, ku-automation kanye nezinqubomgomo ezihlakaniphile eziphathelene nokwakhiwa kwefekthri ukukhuthaza okunye ukukhiqizwa kwama-valve endabuko kubonisa okujulile nokusebenza kahle, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yama-valve esezingeni eliphezulu ezothunyelwa ngaphandle, njll., ukuze kuzuzwe umgomo wokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokufinyelela kwinzuzo ephezulu ye-value-added nokunye. Ngokwezibalo, ama-valve aseJapane athunyelwa eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika nakwezinye izindawo, imikhiqizo ephezulu yaba nenani elikhulayo.

Izinqubomgomo ezihlobene nokuthekelisa kwe-valve yaseJalimane

IJalimane ingenye yokukhiqizwa kwama-valve aseYurophu kanye nokuthekelisa emazweni amakhulu.

Okokuqala, imithetho eqinile yekhwalithi nezindinganiso

Amazinga omkhiqizo: Imikhiqizo yevalvu yaseJalimane kufanele iqale ihlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zezimboni zasekhaya, njengezindinganiso ze-DIN. Abathengi abaningi bamazwe ngamazwe ngokubuka izinga eliphezulu lezindinganiso zaseJalimane, abazimisele ukukhetha imikhiqizo ye-valve ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso ze-DIN. Isibonelo, esifundeni saseYurophu samaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela, uma ukusetshenziswa okucacisiwe kwemikhiqizo ye-valve ejwayelekile yaseJalimane, amabhizinisi aseJalimane emncintiswaneni anenzuzo engokwemvelo. Futhi iJalimane embonini yokukhiqiza i-valve iphathelene nokuthembeka kwe-valve, ukuqina nezinye izici zekhwalithi, kusukela ekuklanyeni kuya ekukhiqizweni kwakho konke ukugadwa kwekhwalithi.

Uhlelo lokuqinisekisa: I-Germany inohlelo oluphelele lokuqinisekisa umkhiqizo, njengesitifiketi se-TUV sokuthunyelwa kwe-valve kwamanye amazwe sinezidingo eziphoqelekile noma ezinconyiwe, isitifiketi se-TUV sihlanganisa ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo ye-valve, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, nezinye izici ezibalulekile zokuhlola, emakethe ye-EU nakwezinye izimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe zinamathisela ukubaluleka kwekhwalithi yemikhiqizo, izinkampani ze-valve zaseJalimane ezineziqu eziphezulu ze-TUV zisheshe zibone.

Okwesibili, imboni yokukhiqiza ukukhuthaza inqubomgomo

Ukwesekwa kokukhiqiza okusezingeni eliphezulu: Sekuyisikhathi eside uhulumeni waseJalimane enamathisela ukubaluleka ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqiza okuphezulu, ama-valve njengengxenye yemboni yezokukhiqiza, ukufinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo zokusekela inqubomgomo. Okufana namabhizinisi okukhiqiza ama-valve asezingeni eliphezulu ukunikeza ikhefu lentela, ukuhlinzeka ngemali yocwaningo nentuthuko. Ama-valve aseJalimane asezingeni eliphezulu emakethe yomhlaba anezinzuzo ezihlukene zokuncintisana, ngenxa yendawo enjalo yenqubomgomo. Isibonelo, emkhakheni we-petrochemical high-pressure control valves ngaphakathi kwemikhiqizo yama-valve eyenziwe eJalimane ngenxa yekhwalithi ephezulu nokusebenza kwezinkampani eziningi zikawoyela ukukhetha, ama-compressor angenawo uwoyela okugcoba ama-compressor valves kanye neminye imikhiqizo ephezulu ibe sesikhundleni sokuhola emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe.

Isu le-Industrial 4.0 liqhutshwa isu: Isu le-Industry 4.0 yaseJalimane lokukhuthaza imboni yokukhiqiza ama-valve ekuqondeni okuhlakaniphile, kwedijithali. Izinkampani zamavalvu ngokuguqulwa kwezobuchwepheshe ngaphansi kwesu lokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yokukhiqiza ama-valve. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuze kuzuzwe ukuncintisana okwengeziwe ekuxhumaniseni uchungechunge lwezimboni zomhlaba wonke, kungasabela ngokushesha kuma-oda wamazwe ngamazwe futhi kwenze izinguquko zokukhiqiza ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuthekelisa; ngakolunye uhlangothi, emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe ukukhuthaza ama-valve ahlakaniphile amaphuzu okuthengisa kakhudlwana, njengokuzwa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nemisebenzi yokulawula kude ye-valve emakethe ye-automation yezimboni ithandwa kakhulu, futhi kulungele ukwandisa isabelo sokuthekelisa kwe-valve yaseJalimane.

Izinqubomgomo ezihlobene nokuthekelisa kwe-valve yase-China

Okokuqala, ukuhlelwa kwezimboni kanye nokuqondiswa kwenqubomgomo

Inqubomgomo yokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni nenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe: 'Made in China 2025' namanye amasu anomthelela omuhle embonini yamavalvu. Umbuso ukhuthaza izinkampani zama-valve ukuthi zandise ukutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe, zikhuthaze imboni yama-valve ekuthuthukisweni okuphezulu, okukhaliphile, ama-valve njengoba imishini yokulawula uketshezi ingeyesigaba semboni yokukhiqiza imishini futhi izuze ekusekelweni kwenqubomgomo, ingathuthukisa ukuncintisana kwezinkampani zama-valve zaseChina emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe. I-Domestic yaqala ukubonakala ikwazi ukukhiqiza ama-valve ahlakaniphile asezingeni eliphezulu, njengama-valve okulawula ugesi kanye neminye imikhiqizo ngekhwalithi nokusebenza kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, futhi kancane kancane bathola ukuqashelwa emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe.

Umthelela ohlangothini wenqubomgomo yokwenziwa kwasendaweni kanye nokushintshaniswa kwempahla ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe: kunqubomgomo yezwe yangaphakathi nangaphandle yomjikelezo ophindwe kabili wezomnotho, ukuthambekela kokwenziwa kwasendaweni kwama-valve nokufaka esikhundleni sokungenisa kwamanye amazwe kuqhubeke kuqina, kodwa akusona isithiyo ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe, kodwa kunalokho ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinga lendawo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana okuphelele kwamavalvu emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe. Isibonelo, amanye amaphrojekthi ezimboni ezinkulu akhuthazwa uhulumeni ezweni ukuze abeke kuqala ukusetshenziswa kwamavalvu asekhaya asezingeni eliphezulu ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo sasekhaya sezinga eliphezulu, kuyilapho izwe lingathunyelwa emikhiqizweni evamile ukuze libe nesidingo esifanayo kwamanye amazwe asathuthuka ngisho nezimakethe ezithuthukile.

Okwesibili, amanani entengo kanye nezinqubomgomo zokukhuthazwa kwezohwebo

Inqubomgomo yesaphulelo sentela yokuthekelisa: I-China inenqubomgomo yesaphulelo sentela yokuthekelisa kuma-valve, njenge-valve ngo-2023, izinga lesaphulelo sentela lika-13%, le nqubomgomo isiza ukukhulisa umdlandla wamabhizinisi ama-valve aseChina ukuthumela ngaphandle, ukwehlisa izindleko zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukuze kuhlinzekwe amanani ancintisana kakhulu emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe yemikhiqizo yama-valve. Amabhizinisi angasebenzisa le ngxenye yezimali zesaphulelo sentela ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni komkhiqizo, enze ngcono isevisi yangemva kokuthengisa, njll., ukuze athuthukise amandla awo okusebenza emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe, futhi athuthukise isithombe esiphelele samavalvu e-China emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukulungiswa kwenqubomgomo yokulawulwa kwezohwebo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo samazwe ngamazwe: umbuso uzolungiswa ngezinga lentela yokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle, ukulawulwa kwezohwebo kanye nezinye izinqubomgomo ukuze kukhuthazwe amabhizinisi asekhaya ukuthi athumele imikhiqizo yamavalvu. Ngaphezu kwezaphulelo zentela yokuthekelisa, njengokwenza lula izinqubo zokugunyazwa kwenqubo yokuthekelisa kweminye imikhiqizo yamavalvu, phumuza izigaba ezithile zabathumeli bama-valve ukuze babambe iqhaza emibukisweni yohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe noma imikhawulo yedokhi kumakhasimende omhlaba, njll., inhloso iwukuthuthukisa amabhizinisi ama-valve asekhaya ukuze andise ngenkuthalo izimakethe zaphesheya kwezilwandle, andise isabelo semakethe samazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa-ke, emizameni yohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokukhuphuka kokuvikelwa kwezohwebo nakho kudinga ukulungisa ama-valve okungenisa kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuhwebelana ngaphandle ngokuhambisana nesimo samazwe ngamazwe. Njengalapho amazwe athile emikhiqizweni yamavalvu e-China phakathi nophenyo olumelene nokulahlwa, i-China izophinde ithathe izinyathelo zokuphikisa kanye namasu okulungisa izimboni ukuvikela izintshisekelo zamabhizinisi amavalvu asekhaya ngenkathi ifuna ukuthuthuka okwengeziwe emikhawulweni yokuqalwa kwenqubomgomo yokuthekelisa.